Dairy Farming tips Guide

Dairy Farming Setup Guide For Beginners

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Dairy Farming Guide For Beginners:-

Dairy farming from being a traditional family run businesses, today has grown hugely to an organized dairy industry with technological specializations in every part of the process. We have seen tremendous growth in dairy farming equipment that help modern dairy farms to manage thousands of dairy cows and buffaloes. This huge boost in the industry has created a lot of farming jobs for the people. But many of the dairy farms still manage and run organic dairy farms mostly in villages and supply the milk to get processed by large companies and finally sell to the retail outlets.

Anyone opting to go in for dairy farming must have a genuine love for the welfare of cows and buffaloes as dairying requires long hours of tiring and harsh work without there being any holiday. Further to be a successful dairy farmer one must have a good knowledge about all aspects of scientific management of dairy animals as well as management of dairy business. The selection, breeding, feeding, management, housing and healthcare requirements of high grade crossbred cows and genetically superior buffaloes are different in many respects from our traditional methods of cattle rearing.

The best approach is to create and run a sustainable dairy farm that gives maximum profits to the firm and also takes care of the effects of dairy farms on environments and animals for a longer period.

Space/Shelter Requirements of Dairy Farming Animals

ll animals require shelter for protection and comfort. They can perform better under favorable environmental conditions. Housing of animals need initial capital to the extent the dairy farmers can afford. The animals are to be protected from high and low temperature, strong sunlight, heavy rainfall, high humidity, frost, snowfall, strong winds, ecto-parasite and endo-parasites. The comfortable temperature range for dairy breeds of cattle, buffaloes and goats is 150C to 270C. Climatic stress occurs when the temperature goes 50C below or above this range.

High humidity combined with high temperature causes more stress to animals in tropics. Rainfall in cold climate also causes stress in temperate zone. Strong winds further aggravate the conditions both in tropics and temperate climate. Several techniques are available to provide relief from hot weather conditions for lactating dairy cows. In tropical and sub-tropical climates, well-ventilated shed is a necessity at points of high heat stress, such as feed barns, loafing areas, and in holding areas. It is important to provide a sufficient flow of air through the building in which the animals are kept to ensure optimum thermal conditions for dairy animals.

Dairy Breeds:

India is a rich repository of bubaline genetic resources nbsp There are 10 breeds of buffaloes in the country with a vast population of 97 92 millions However many of these breeds cannot be strictly considered as breeds/  

1. Murrah Buffalo
2. Nili Ravi Buffalo
3. Bhadawari Buffalo
4. Jaffarabadi Buffalo
5. Surti Buffalo
6. Mehsana Buffalo
7. Nagpuri Buffalo
8. Breeding Strategies for Sustainable Buffalo Production
9. Local Non Descript Buffaloes Under Low to Medium Input Production System

Fodder Management for Dairy Farming :

Following the main Feed Contents:

1. Maize
2. Jowar Sorghum Bicolor
3. Bajra or Pearl Millet Pennisetum Typhoides
4. Teosinte Euchlaena Mexicana Schrad
5. Cowpea Vigna Unigiculata
6. Berseem Trifolium Alexandrinum L
7. Oats Avena Sativa

Daily Dairy Farm Management: This should be daily practice at the livestock/dairy  farms for proper disposal of farm waste including dung, urine and waste fodder etc, to improve the farm hygiene and to reduce the odour problems on dairy farms, including proper selection of a farm site, general farm management and manure land application techniques, and treatment of manure by chemical or other means.

Dairy Disease Control and Management:

Tick infestation is one of the major constraint in tropical environment for dairy, Goat, Sheep & other domestic animals. Tick also spread many parasitic diseases in animals & human beings. Including that it suck blood form animals, so animal may not able to produce well (Milk, Meat etc). It also produce skin diseases. There are major things to be considered while controlling ticks- Farmers used to chemical control against ticks but it is unidirectional means they spray insecticide on the body of animals, this will kill ticks or other ecto parasites but could not control ticks or other ectoparasite in hide surrounding/vicinity. Eg: ticks may hide in cracks, Crevices in animals shed. It also hide under stone, Boulders, Dampened areas, Waste material places in & around animals shed.

Ticks are very hardy against harsh climatic situations. It is assumed that one tick may lay 1500 eggs per cycle. So consider these things ,farmers should do following things:

• Clean animals shed & surrounding prior to controlling animal shed. Remove the stubble or waste material which may act as hiding ground for ticks.
• Remove or plaster the cracks & crevices of wall of animals shed.
• Remove weeds & stubbles 15 to 20 feets around the animals shed.
• If possible burn the walls as well as hiding grounds of ticks with flame gun with proper precaution.
• Spray recommended insecticides under the supervision of veterinarian on animal body as well as animal shed on the same day.
• If infestation of ticks is severe then do spaying at regular interval like 15 to 29 days up to the control of ticks. Then do these practices of control at regular 3-4 months interval. Specially prior to monsoon & after September month (Initiation of winter season).

There are few chemical insecticides which are used in controlling ticks

Trade Name	Content	Class	Concentration in Water
			Spraying on Animal Body	Spraying in Shed
Butox (15, 50, 250, 1 Ltr)	Deltamethrin 12.5 mg/ml	Pyrethroid	2-3 ml/lit	5 ml/lit
Ektomin (15, 50, 1 Ltr)	Cypermethrin 100 EC	Pyrethroid	1 ml/lit	20 ml/lit
Clinar (15, 50, 1 Ltr)	Cypermethrin 100 EC	Pyrethroid	1 ml/lit	20 ml/lit
Tik Kill	Cypermethrin 100 EC	Pyrethroid	1 ml/lit	20 ml/lit
Taktik (50, 250 ml)	Amitraz12.5% w/v	Pyrethroid	2 ml/lit	4 ml/lit
Cythion (250, 500, 1, 5 Ltr)	Malathion 50% w/v	Organo Phosphate	5 ml/lit	10 ml/lit

Do not use Benzene Hexa chloride powder (BHC), DDT for control of ecto parasite as it is banned & not disintegrated for many year in environment.

In organic way, highly concentrated solution of common salt is used to control ticks but it has limited success.

Dairy Farming Reproduction/Breeding Management:

Reproductive characteristics of cattle and buffaloes:

		Cattle (Range)	Buffalo (Range)
1	Sexual season	Polyoestrus	Polyoestrus
2	Age at puberty (months)	15(10-24)	21(15-36)
3	Oestrus cycle length (Days)	21(14-29)	21 (18-22)
4	Oestrus signs duration (hrs	18(12-30)	21 (17-24)
5	Gestation length ( Days)	280 (278-293)	315 (305-330)
6	Age at first calving (months)	30 (24-36)	42 (36-56)
7	Calving intervals ( Months)	13 (12-14)	18 (15-21)

Signs of oestrus in cattle and buffaloes:

• Standing to be mounted by other cows
• Attempt to mount other cows
• Stringy mucous hanging from vulva
• Mucus smeared on buttocks
• Increased restlessness
• Drop in milk yield
• Reduced feed intake
• Frequent Bellowing
• Chin resting on cow’s rump by other cows, tail raising
• Vulval oedema
• Frequent urination

Best time for breeding of cattle and buffaloes:

• Animal body weight below 250 kgs – not suitable for breeding.
• Animal body weight above 250 kgs – fit for breeding.
• If oestrus signs observed in morning-breed the animal at evening.
• If oestrus signs observed in evening- breed the animal at next day morning.

Importance of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle and buffaloes:

• Pregnancy diagnosis should be done after 45-60 days of breeding by qualified veterinary doctor.
• This facilitates optimal feeding and care of pregnant animals in positive animals.
• This provides clear way to breed the animal in next oestrus in negative animals.

Knowing the reproductive status of dairy animals:

• 18 hours (an average of 12-30 hours) of oestrus signs—Normal
• Less than 12 hours / absence of oestrus signs-abnormal (anoestrus)

Reasons:

• Failure to detect oestrus signs.
• Suboestrus, weak or silent oestrus.
• A low plane of nutrition- lack of energy and protein, deficiency of minerals namely P, 
• Co, Fe, Cu, I, Mn and Vitamin A
• Failure to recognize that an animal is pregnant.
• Anoestrus due to uterine pathology such as pyometra, mummified foetus, foetal maceration, 
• mucometra and hydrometra and
• Insufficient hormonal stimuli.

Management:

1. Unobserved oestrum may be due to managerial deficiencies and short period of oestrus.
2. The dairy animals should be observed for heat signs at least three times a day.
3. Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual cow records may be used for 
4. identify the oestrus.
5. Teaser bulls (vasectomized or by applying apron) are useful in identifying heat in large 
6. number of animals especially buffalo cows.
7. Provision of adequate lighting to improve oestrus detection.
8. Silent / weak / Suboestrus are most common in buffalo cows and common in post partum period.
9.  In this cyclical changes in the genital organs occurs but the signs of heat are not exhibited 
10. or not observed.  This requires rectal examination by qualified veterinary doctor.
11. Extra feeding of a concentrate mixture or grains like maize, Cholam, kambu. Etc., and at
12.  least small amount of green fodder along with other roughages.
13. Mineral mixture should be properly supplemented
14. After breeding the animals should be checked for pregnancy within 45-60 days by qualified 
15. veterinary doctor.
16. Uterine pathology and hormonal stimuli should be handled by qualified veterinary doctor.

CCalf Management:  

    Care and management immediately after calving

      

• Cleaning the udder and hind quarters of cattle.
• Mucus removal from the face and nostrils of calf and induction of respiration.
• Allowing the calf to suck the colostrum.
• Naval cord ligation.
• Watching of cow for placenta expulsion.
• Essential requirements in a calf house:
  • Dry bedding.
  • Well ventilated environment.
  • A specific minimum cubic air capacity per calf.
  • A draught free environment at calf level.
  Floor space requirement for calves

  Age of calves (months)	Covered area( m2)	Open area(m2)	No. of calves/pen
  0-3	1.0	2	24 / pen
  3-6	1.5	3	16/ pen
  6-12	2.0	4	12/pen

  Feeding and watering space requirements for calves:

  Feeding space (cm)	Watering space (cm)
  50 / calf	50 / calf

  Feeding schedule for calves:

  Age of calf	Body weight (kg)	Quantity of milk(kg)	Concentrates	Green fodder
  From birth to 4th week	25	2.5	Smaller rate	Smaller rate
  4 to 6th week	30	3.0	50 to 100 grams	Smaller rate
  6 to 8th week	35	2.5	100 to 250 grams	500 grams
  8 to 10th week	40	2.0	250 to 350 grams	750 grams
  10 to 12th week	45	1.5	350 to 500 grams	1.0 kg
  12 to 16th week	50	–	500 to 750 grams	1.5 kg
  16 to 20th week	55	–	750 to 1000 grams	2 kg
  20 to 24th week	60	–	1 to 1.25 kg	3 kg
  6 to 9th month	70 to 100	–	1.25 to 1.5 kg	5 to 8 kg
  9 to 15th mont5h	100 to 150	–	1.5 to 2.0 kg	8 to 15 kg
  15 to 20th month	150 to 200	–	2.00 to 2.25 kg	15 to 20 kg
  Above 20 months	200 to 300	–	2.25 to 2.50 kg	20 to 25 kg

  Vaccination particulars for your calf:

  Age	Vaccination
  8 weeks before weaning	Black quarter (1st vaccine)
  2-4 months	FMD first vaccine
  6-8 months	FMD booster vaccine
  6 months	AnthraxBlack quarter (2nd vaccine)Hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine
  4-8 months	Brucella vaccine
  Early once	FMD vaccine

  Milking Practices:
  1. Training of milkers should be done by a person from the milking machine company. 
  2. This person has good knowledge about biology of milking, machine milking as 
  3. well as with the design, function and maintenance of the milking equipment. The train
  4. The concept of machine milking should be introduced slowly and by persons who 
  5. the cattle are used to and feel comfortable with under the supervision of an expert.
  6. ing should include introduction procedures, milking routine, handling of the machine,
  7.  cleaning and maintenance as well as certain aspects of the day-to-day service of the machine.
  8. Installation of the milking machine and any other modification in the dairy farm 
  9. should be made well in advance of the changing to machine milking.
  10. It is most appropriate to start with heifers since it is easier to habituate heifers 
  11. than older cattle to machine milking.
  12. Calm animals that are comfortable with hand milking should be selected. The udders
  13.  and teats of the animals should be uniform with respect to conformation and size. 
  14. Cattle in heat or unhealthy animals or animals with previous let-down-problems 
  15. should not be selected.
  16. Milk the old and selected animals as usual by hand but let the vacuum pump run during milking. 
  17. This will make the animals accustomed to the noise. Put the pump on before actual milking, 
  18. but after the cattle have been tied up, otherwise the animals may be startled by the sudden noise. 
  19. Repeat the procedure (usually 2 to 4 times) until all cattle are accustomed to the noise.
  Government Schemes:
  As the most of the  states in India as well as Central government provides financial assistance
  For Complete Dairy subsidy information: Click Here.
  For Sheep or Goat Farming Information : Click Here.
  For official website Click here
  Note: Please Contact your Veterinary doctor or animal husbandry technical officer before using any information.
•  to set up dairy farms in rural areas ,Find out with Respective state Government Dairy department or NABARD
•  (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)  for Loan Facility.